exam yg pertama :) menuju ke final destinasi sem3...
first tajuk :
introduction-descriptive studies & epidermiology
2 tajuk :
variables..type of data - categorical data&numerical data..
- numerical data-
* also know as quantitative
* expressed in number
*continuous and discrete
* eg : age, number of student, weight, height
- categorical data
*also know as qualitative
*expressed in categories
*nominal, ordinal, and dichotomous
*eg: sex, ethnic, religion.
-measurement scale
-continuous scale
* weight, level of knowledge, IQ test, height
- discrete scale
*number of student, number of child, age
- nominal scale
* sex, type of nutrient
- ordinal scale
* fully agree, partially agree, fully disagree
* severe, moderate, mild\
-type of variables
-operational variables
*combination the measurement scale.
- dependent variables
*describe and measure the problem under study
-independent variables
*describe and measure the factor assumed the cause of the problem.
-confounding variables
*association between dependent and independent variables
-intermediate variables
*mediate between dependent and independent variables.
-parameter
-validity
-reliable
*it can give a same result or finding each time it being used.
3 tajuk :data collection
- data collection technique
*available information
~source: key informant, un publish report, medical record
*observation and measuring
~ participant - covert ( people that around don't known him/her doing the research)
-overt (people that around known him/ her doing the research)
*interview
~ closed- ended
~open- ended
*questionare
*group discussion
- bias
~selection bias
~measurement bias
~ respondent or interview bias
~defective instructment
4tajuk : sampling strategies
-population
*entire group of people or event of interested that wish to investigate.
-population frame
* consist list of the subject from sample to be drawn.
- sample
* subset of the population
~ type of probability sampling.
-probability sampling
* simple random sampling
- at every turn of selection, each member population has a same chance being selected.
* systematic sampling
- has a regular interval or drawing every element of population
*stratified random sampling
- the process grouping member population into relatively subgroup before sampling
*cluster sampling
- areas selected>respondent selected
*multi stage sampling
- combination of the type probability sampling
- non-probability
* convenience sampling
-available at the time of data collection are selected.
* purposive sampling
- has a aim and criteria to selected
*snowball sampling
- based on network of people
*quota sampling
- pre determined number of study in specific categories
* volunteer
-not sampling
-subject to self selection bias.
-error
*random error -individual biological variation
*systematic error - biased result
- how to control the bias.
* randomized sampling
*matching
*quality control
*double check
*follow SOP
5 tajuk : epidermiology
- observation/non intervention studies
*descriptive studies
- case studies (in depth characteristic or limited of number cases)
-case series (series of case) several patient have a same unique medical.)
*analytical studies
- cross sectional studies
~relationship of variable in a one times
~ explore the role risk of the cause of diseases
~called as prevalence studies
~measure the both exposure& diseases in individual or population at same time
~advantages- cheap, fast , suitable for high risk n baseline for cohort studies
- case control studies
~compared one group among the has a problem is present with other group that non diseases person and factor will contributed the problem.
~ retrospective
~ appropriate for rare diseases or un common
~selected from the same population of diseases.
~similar to cases in regard to past potential exposure.
-cohort studies
~ followed over time
~exposed to risk factor is compared to who are not.
~occurence of the problem that related to the risk factor on both group
~known as follow up, incidence studies or longitudinal studies
-purpose of cohort
* to identify the risk factor of diseases
* to identify outcome of xposure
* to describe the natural history
-type of cohort study
*prospective cohort studies (assembled start of study followed overtime into the future to determined incidence diseases.)
*retrospective cohort studies( assembled in term of particular exposure in the past or existing record into future.)
*ecological studies
-experimental/intervention studies
*difficult
~ communities, human subjects
~practical problem
~ethical problem.
masok hari ke-8 puasa..hehe